Equilibrium Without Intervention America And The Free...

Equilibrium without Intervention Rebecca Dannay America and the Free Market Professor Shaanan April 7, 2016 Table of Contents †¢ Introduction of American Economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 o Free Market System †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.3 o Problem with American Economy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....4 †¢ Government Intervention †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....5 o 2008 Bailouts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 o Large Corporations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 †¢ Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....8 †¢ Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 †¢ Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Equilibrium without Intervention America is believed to have a Free Market Economic System which other countries have aspired to follow. A market economy can be defined as where supply and demand drive and regulate the economy instead of government intervention. Also, we are seen as having a laissez-faire economy, which is â€Å"a capitalist society where the profit motive is given free rein and the pursuit of economic success is the top priority† (Shaanan). But how can America have a Free Market system if it has a laissez-faire economy? The difference between free market and capitalist market is; under a capitalist system, businesses are supporters of free market principles for themselves and government intervention for their competitors. To have a Free Market economy, it is assumed to possess three things: free flow of information, no barriers to competition, and direct responsibility.Show MoreRelatedThe Classical Political Economy Developed Theories And Discuss On Their Dif ferent Characteristics910 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic system in the world is mostly productive in America this is due to the constant unlimited wants of its people and the fact that most people have high standards of living (Rosefielde, 2008). An individual has different wants and at any particular time an individual can satisfy his or her wants through purchasing these goods therefore there is an unlimited wants for goods and services. In recent times people consume goods that they don’t produce they sell or provide services then the incomeRead MoreEquilibrium Of Supply And Demand1720 Words   |  7 PagesEquilibrium is important when it comes to not only maintain a successful business but to also maintain a successful economy in general. This determines the efficiency of the goods at a certain point. There are different factors that go into equilibrium such as supply and demand where the curves determine the cost to the consumer as well as the cost to supplier. Differen t costs of taxes, benefits of international trade, and externalities all go into how to maintain the supply and demand, and why itRead More The secret to success of East Asian economies Essay examples1090 Words   |  5 Pagescentralized. The antitype of this would be again the Latin American economies where both dominant and lower classes pressure the government leading to a political equilibrium which translates into a stagnant economy (Kay, 2002:p.1086). As much as can be learned from the East Asian tigers, there are also a few particular factors without which these nations may not be where they are. One major factor to the growth of East Asian economies would be the Cold War and the fight against communism. AmericasRead MoreImpact Of The Neoliberal Era And The Structure Of The Modern Financial System3397 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction The 1982 Latin America, 1997 East Asia and 2008 subprime financial crisis had a profound impact on the regional and world real economy. two sentences about how big of an impact each of them had on the real economy. These crisis have also triggered off a very fierce debate about the impact of the neoliberal era and the structure of the modern financial system. From the neoclassical perspective each of these crisis required a new model to explain past events but it always viewed the crisisRead More Chilean Economic Shock Therapy1279 Words   |  6 Pagesquintessential model of liberal restructuring in Latin America in the late twentieth century. 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America has adapted a free market economy, which states, â€Å"A free market is a market in which there is no economic intervention and regulation by the state, except to enforce private contracts and the ownership of property.† (â€Å"Free Market†, by Wikipedia and is governed by CC-BY-SA) Recently there has been major controversy due to those who believe it is wrong for the government to interfere with the free market. Yet at the same time many people still believeRead MoreGovernment Intervention and the Causes of the Great Depression2012 Words   |  9 Pagesrecessions support a delicate equilibrium of checks and balances, employment and unemployment. The year 1929 marked the beginning of the downward spiral of this delicate economic balance known as The Great Depression of the United States of America. The Great Depression is by far the most significant economic event that occurred during the twentieth century making other depressions pale in comparison. As a result, it placed the world’s political and economic systems into a complete loss of credibilityRead MoreEconomics Text Book Chapter Summaries21497 Words   |  86 Pageseconomic freedom and efficiency through minimization of regulations taxation and government spending equitable income and wealth redistribution reduction of poverty economic security, e.g. social security payments for retirees expansion of free trade with other countries Economic goals often involve tradeoffs e.g.: redistribution of income/wealth transfers to the poor †¢ increased taxation of the rich †¢ reduced opportunities for the rich to invest including starting new businesses

Classification of Zombie Movies Essay - 913 Words

I have determined that there are three different types of zombie movie. First, the movies that showcase the slow, but still startling zombies, like Night of the Living Dead. Night’s â€Å"zombies are slow, the humans just get themselves into trouble by reacting stupidly, or not paying enough attention to the problem.† (G.A. Romero) Next, films like Shaun of the Dead, which portray the sometimes amusing but still creepy zombies. And finally, movies like Day of the Dead (2008) which introduce the completely terrifying, gravity-defying zombies. Night of the Living Dead presents zombies that move slowly but deliberately toward their ultimate objective which is filling their appetites for human flesh. Zombie movies of this type are the basis of†¦show more content†¦Although Shaun cant bring himself to kill Ed, the danger his infected friend presents, is still clear when Shaun must chastise Ed for trying to bite his arm. Shaun’s zombies are provided with more of a human element, which lends more to the hilarity of the situation. †In my mind they were us, we’ve just changed, that’s all.† (G.A. Romero) Seeing a zombie that is wearing a towel obviously stricken undead in the middle of a shower makes this type of movie funnier and more tragic at the same time. While humor is obviously present the gore zombie movies are famous for is also a key element. Zombie comedy is also shown in Zombieland, which is a laugh riot from beginning to end. From the main character’s list of â€Å"s urvival rules† which include always checking the backseat and being wary of bathrooms, the story is more about the humans that remain and their fight to stay human. Finally, the films that make you really fear zombies. Movies like Day of the Dead, (the 2008 remake, not G.A. Romero’s original) which portray zombies that seem to be aware of their surroundings and can do their own brand of problem solving. Days zombies while still driven by the primal instinct of hunger, can figure out ways of getting to their prey that zombies in movies with less of a freak out factor do not even begin to grasp and plenty of bloodShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Walking Dead 1649 Words   |  7 Pagestelevision series which follows the story of a disease-causing infection that caused the Earth to be dominated by a zombie apocalypse. A group of survivors gets forced to fight for their lives against man/eating zombies. The main character in the show is Rick Grimes, a Sheriff Deputy who had been shot prior to the apocalypse event. Rick was later taken to a local hospital before the zombie epidemic. Rick awakens from a coma in which he finds himself in a hos pital alone. He noticed that he is in a worldRead MoreAre Violent Videogames the Trigger to Extremely Violent Acts?1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthese sorts of games are played. A study by Seth Gitter and colleagues, published in Aggressive Behavior this year, showed that if participants were asked to play a violent video game with a positive goal in mind (for example, protecting a friend in a zombie game), they showed reduced levels of aggressive behavior compared to participants who were asked to simply kill as many zombies as possible. In other words, its not the simple act of playing violent video games that dictates whether they have a negativeRead MoreFilm Review : Super Is A 2010 American Superhero Black Comedy Drama Film Directed By James Gunn2510 Words   |  11 Pagessuperhero costume and assumes the identity of The Crimson Bolt. Armed with a pipe wrench, he begins to fight crime by delivering savage beatings to various rulebreakers, ranging from drug dealers and child molesters to a man who cuts in line at the movies. The Crimson Bolt soon becomes a media sensation. 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Research in Accounting Practice for AIS- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theResearch in Accounting Practice for AIS. Answer: Introduction Information processing system is seen as the system which is associated to taking the information from a sequence of the enumerated symbols and transforming the process form one form to another using an algorithmic process. A computerised information processing system consists of input, processor, storage and output. In accounting terms the accounting information system (AIS), is seen as the process of collecting, accumulating and storing of the accounting data which is seen to be used by the decision makers. The AIS acts a system for tracking of the accounting activities which are in conjunction with the use of resources. The main output of the financial data can be used internally by the tax authorities, creditors and the investors. This section of the report aims to highlight the relevant areas which are related to the generating accounting reports and use the information for decision making and clients keeping report of the same (Hall 2013). Discussion The Information Environment The main elements of the AIS are seen with recognizing the information in a business resource environment. The various types of the information provided in the case study have been related to the various type of the information which is seen to be related to providing the relevant solution for the 50 employees (Jiang 2016). The computerized information process system in Simple Solutions shall be divided into three tiers namely operations management, middle management and top management. The operations management shall be mainly responsible for the day to day operations, the middle management is further seen to be responsible for the short term planning and coordinating the activities which are seen to be associated to the accomplishment of the objectives (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). The top level management has been further seen to be responsible for the longer-term planning and setting organizational objectives. The internal and external flow of information will be conducive in the decision making process. It has been further seen that the company will be able to serve common purpose for effective decision making by the use of accounting information. It has been further seen that the main elements has been further seen in terms of the multiple components, relatedness, system vs. Sub system and purpose (Sambasivam and Assefa 2013). Accounting Information System AIS are identified as the subsystem for the financial process and the nonfinancial transactions which are related to directly affecting the processing of financial transactions. For example in Simple Solutions the updating the customers names and addresses are seen to be processed by the AIS. These changes will be seen to be useful in processing for future sales to the customer (Daoud and Triki 2013). The main composition of the AIS is seen to be consisting of three major subsystems namely the general ledger/financial reporting system (GL/FRS), which is associated to generating traditional financial statements such as the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows and tax returns. The next major subsystem is seen as the transaction processing system (TPS), this is seen to be associated to the daily business operations in terms of the documents, messages and generation of the relevant reports. The next important subsystem has been further seen in terms of the management reporting system (MRS). This is seen to be associated to providing of special purpose financial and the relevant information needed for the purpose of the decision making such as budgets, variance reports, and responsibility reports (Nan and Wen 2014). Management Information System The company will be able to go beyond the scope of financial reporting and will be able to implement the decision making functions by implementing the use of the information for the decision making process. In this particular context MIS is seen to go beyond the AIS. As it has been seen that Simple Solution will grow in size, the use of MIS will be able to processes nonfinancial transactions that are not normally processed by traditional AIS. Some of the main considerations of the use of decision making with the management information processing system will be obtained in terms of Portfolio Management Systems, Capital Budgeting Systems, Market Analysis, New Product Development and product/ service analysis (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). Factors contributing to successful implementation of management accounting systems in SMEs The main factors of successful implementation of management accounting systems in SMEs has been seen to be associated to cost, budget and decision support system. With the various types of the research supporting the system it has been found that the highest correlation with the cost component. The main consideration that the small organizations need to go through is related to know whether they are able to support the cost which is associated to the main constraints in an organization. The current management accounting practices of the company are highly dependent on the implementation of the overall costing system and budgeting system. The budgeting system is seen to include the results based on the high attention from the employees (Quan, Li and Wang 2013). It has been further seen that SME companies have shown the main factors with wide adoption on basic techniques of management accounting, such as costing system; full budgeting system and PMS. It has been further discerned that there are significant differences between the implementation rates for sophisticated MAPs techniques among the SMEs. Hence it can be observed that the aforementioned factors have the capacity to hinder or add to the success of the business (Econjournals.com. 2017). Conclusion The various types of the assertion made form the study has been able to show that the AIS acts a system for tracking of the accounting activities which are in conjunction with the use of resources. The main output of the financial data can be used internally by the tax authorities, creditors and the investors. The various discussions have been further able to show that MIS is seen to go beyond the AIS. As it has been seen that Simple Solution will grow in size, the use of MIS will be able to processes nonfinancial transactions that are not normally processed by traditional AIS. The main factors for the success of the management accounting systems in SMEs can be further seen in terms of cost involved and the total budget. Reference List Daoud, H. and Triki, M. (2013) Accounting information systems in an ERP environment and Tunisian firm performance, International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 13. doi: 10.4192/1577-8517-v13_1. Econjournals.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://econjournals.com/index.php/irmm/article/viewFile/3394/pdf [Accessed 15 May 2017]. Hall, J.A., 2013.Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Jiang, X. (2016) Biases in Accounting and Nonaccounting Information: Substitutes or Complements?, Journal of Accounting Research, 54(5), pp. 12971330. doi: 10.1111/1475-679X.12153. Kanellou, A. and Spathis, C. (2013) Accounting benefits and satisfaction in an ERP environment, International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(3), pp. 209234. doi: 10.1016/j.accinf.2012.12.002. Nan, L. and Wen, X. (2014) Financing and Investment Efficiency, Information Quality, and Accounting Biases, Management Science, 60(9), pp. 23082323. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.2013.1864. Quan, Q., Li, Y. and Wang, L. (2013) Chapter 83 Research of Accounting Information System Under E-Commerce, International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA) 2012, 219, pp. 679686. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4853-1. Sambasivam, Y. and Assefa, K. B. (2013) Evaluating the Design of Accounting Information System and its Implementation in the Ethiopian Manufacturing Industries, The International Journals Research Journal of science IT Management, 2(7), pp. 1629. Available at: www.theinternationaljournal.org.

Seperation of Power free essay sample

Pursuant to the basic features for a presidential system, Nigerian administrative system vested the governmental powers of legislating, implementing and interpreting laws into three separate but co-ordinated bodies namely; Legislature, Executive and Judiciary respectively. Hence, the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria like 1979 and 1989 constitutions leanly and succinctly provides for separation rather than fusion of power. Based on this provision therefore, members of the law making body (parliamentarians) at both Federal and State levels and even at the Local government being the third tier of government are not allowed to be members of executive or judiciary and vice versa. Unlike the Great Britain where the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has the majority in the parliament, and has a parliamentary status, President in Nigeria is elected in a general election on the basis of Universal Adult Suffrage and for the time being in power as the head of the executive and Commander-in- Chief has no parliamentary status. We will write a custom essay sample on Seperation of Power or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Judiciary headed by the Chief Justice of the Federation is an independent body charged primarily with the responsibility of interpreting law does not have her membership drawn from legislative or executive branches and as such cannot exercise legislative or executive powers unless the powers are delegated. In view of this, separation of power is an integral part of the Nigerian governmental process based on her adoption of the US modeled presidential system of government since 1979. â€Å"When the people know their rights and act on them, the revolution is already on the go. † Separation of powers is a key characteristic of a liberal democracy where the government has an inherent control system to ensure that no arm of it is able to abuse power. Under this model, the government is divided into three branches with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility, This political arrangem  ent creates a   division of the legislative, executive, and   judicial functions of the government among separate and independent bodies. Such a separation limits the possibility of arbitrary excesses by government since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws. The separation of powers creates checks and balances which allows for a system based regulation that allows one branch to limit another, such as the power of Legislative to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts or the Judiciary ruling that a law is unconstitutional. Unfortunately, the Judiciary and the Legislative can not be said to be independent of the executive in our system. The executives mostly wield overwhelming influences on the other arms of the government. Legislative This is an arm of the government that is solely responsible for making laws. Legislatures may be unicameral or bicameral. In Nigeria, at the federal level, we have a bicameral Legislative (the Senate and the House of Representative) while at states level, we have the unicameral Legislative i. e. the state Assemblies. Their powers includes writing and passing laws, enacting taxes, authorising borrowing, declaring a war, establishing the government’s budget, confirming executive appointments, ratifying treaties, investigating the executive branch, impeaching and removing from office members of the executive and judiciary, and redressing constituents’ grievances. Members are elected directly from constituencies representing an entire population. In presidential system, the executive and Legislative branches are clearly separated; in parliamentary systems, members of the executive branch are chosen from the Legislative membership. The Legislative In Nigeria Section 4 of the Nigerian Constitution states as follows: 4. (1) The Legislative powers of the Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be vested in a National Assembly for the Federation, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 2) The National Assembly shall have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Federation or any part thereof with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List set out in Part I of the Second Schedule to this Constitution. (3) The power of the National Assembly to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Federation with respect to any matter included in the Exclusive Legislative List shall , save as otherwise provided in this Constitution, be to the exclusion of the Houses of Assembly of States. 4) In addition and without prejudice to the powers conferred by subsection (2) of this section, the National Assembly shall have power to make laws with respect to the following matters, that is to say:- (a) any matter in the Concurrent Legislative List set out in the first column of Part II of the Second Schedule to this Constitution to the extent prescribed in the second column opposite thereto; and (b) any other matter with respect to which it is empowered to make laws in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. 5) If any Law enacted by the House of Assembly of a State is inconsistent with any law validly made by the National Assembly, the law made by the National Assembly shall prevail, and that other Law shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void. (6) The Legislative powers of a State of the Federation shall be vested in the House of Assembly of the St ate. 7) The House of Assembly of a State shall have power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of the State or any part thereof with respect to the following matters, that is to say:- (a) any matter not included in the Exclusive Legislative List set out in Part I of the Second Schedule to this Constitution. b) any matter included in the Concurrent Legislative List set out in the first column of Part II of the Second Schedule to this Constitution to the extent prescribed in the second column opposite thereto; and (c) any other matter with respect to which it is empowered to make laws in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. 8) Save as otherwise provided by this Constitution, the exercise of Legislative powers by the National Assembly or by a House of Assembly shall be subject to the jurisdiction of courts of law and of judicial tribunals established by law, and accordingly, the National Assembly or a House of Assembly shall not enact any law, that oust s or purports to oust the jurisdiction of a court of law or of a judicial tribunal established by law. (9) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions f this section, the National Assembly or a House of Assembly shall not, in relation to any criminal offence whatsoever, have power to make any law which shall have retrospective effect. Executive This is a branch of government charged with executing or carrying out the laws and appointing officials, formulating and instituting foreign policy, and providing diplomatic representation. The executive is vested with the power to spend money allocated for certain purposes as in the budget and may veto laws and grant pardon to convicted criminals. This arm of government wages war at the direction of the Legislative because the Legislative makes law for the military. The executive is usually empowered to make decrees or declaration such as declaring a state of emergency or promulgating lawful regulations and executive orders. In an ideal situation, a system of checks and balances keeps the power of the executive more or less equal to that of the judiciary and the legislature. The executive power is vested in the President to   preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the laws of the country. The principal responsibility of the President is to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed. The Constitution does not require the President to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the President may perform such duties. The Constitution, empowers the President to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Legislative. Legislative may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the President. The Presidents responsibility is to execute whatever instructions he is given by the Legislative. As a check and balance, the President can exercises a check over the Legislative through his power to veto bills, but Legislators may override any veto by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Legislative cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the President may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the President. The President, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senates advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves or amnesties as it is ongoing in the Niger Delta part of the federation. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. The President is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. However, it is the Legislative that has the power to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces, and to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate. Legislative also has the sole power to declare war, and requires that all Generals appointed by the President be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. The Executive in Nigeria Section 5 of the Nigerian Constitution states as follows: 5. 1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive powers of the Federation: (a) shall be vested in the President and may subject as aforesaid and to the provisions of any law made by the National Assembly, be exercised by him either directly or through the Vice-President and Ministers of the Government of the Federation or officers in the public service of the Federation; and (b) shall extend to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, all laws made by the National Assembly and to all matters with respect to whi ch the National Assembly has, for the time being, power to make laws. 2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the executive powers of a State: (a) shall be vested in the Governor of that State and may, subject as aforesaid and to the provisions of any Law made by a House of Assembly, be exercised by him either directly or through the Deputy Governor and Commissioners of the Government of that State or officers in the public service of the State; and (b) shall extend to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, all laws made by the House of Assembly of the State and to all matters with respect to which the House of Assembly has for the time being power to make laws. 3) The executive powers vested in a State under subsection (2) of this section shall be so exercised as not to:- (a) impede or prejudice the exercise of the executive powers of the Federation; (b) endanger any asset or investment of the Government of the Federation in that State; or (c) endanger the c ontinuance of a Federal Government in Nigeria. 4) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section:- (a) the President shall not declare a state of war between the Federation and another country except with the sanction of a resolution of both Houses of the National Assembly, sitting in a joint session; and (b) except with the prior approval of the Senate, no member of the armed forces of the Federation shall be deployed on combat duty outside Nigeria. 5) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (4) of this section, the President, in consultation with the National Defence Council, may deploy members of the armed forces of the Federation on a limited combat duty outside Nigeria if he is satisfied that the national security is under imminent threat or danger: Provided that the President shall, within seven days of actual combat engagement, seek the consent of the Senate and the Senate shall thereafter give or refuse the said consent within 14 days. Judiciary This is the branch of government whose task is the authoritative adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations. This power to decide cases and controversies is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by the laws made by the legislative. The judges are appointed by the executive with the advice and approval of the Legislative and can be removed by the Legislative through impeachment proceedings. In the course of the its duty and power, the judiciary does the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines which laws Legislative intended to apply to any given case  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines whether a law is (un)Constitutional  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines how Legislative meant the law to apply to disputes  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Polices its own members As a check and balance, Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Legislative, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Legislative’s power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a Presidents impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justices role in this regard is a limited one. Judiciary In Nigeria 6. (1) The judicial powers of the Federation shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established for the Federation. 2) The judicial powers of a State shall be vested in the courts to which this section relates, being courts established, subject as provided by this Constitution, for a State. (3) The courts to which this section relates, established by this Constitution for the Federation and for the States, specified in subsection (5) (a) to (1) of this section, shall be the only superior courts of record in Nigeria; and save as otherwise prescribed by the National Assembly or by the House of Assembly of a State, each court shall have all the powers of a superior court of record. 4) Nothing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall be construed as precluding:- (a) the National Assembly or any House of Assembly from establishing courts, other than those to which this section relates, with subordinate jurisdiction to that of a High Court; (b) the National Assembly or any House of Assembly, which does not require it, from abolishing any court which it has power to establish or which it has brought into being. (5) This section relates to:- (a) the Supreme Court of Nigeria; (b) the Court of Appeal; (c) the Federal High Court; d) the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (e) a High Court of a State (f) the Sharia Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (g) a Sharia Court of Appeal of a State; (h) the Customary Court of Appeal of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja; (i) a Customary Court of Appeal of a State; (j) such other courts as may be authorised by law to exercise jurisdiction on matters with respect to which the National Assembly m ay make laws; and (k) such other court as may be authorised by law to exercise jurisdiction at first instance or on appeal on matters with respect to which a House of Assembly may make laws. 6) The judicial powers vested in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section: (a) shall extend, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Constitution, to all inherent powers and sanctions of a court of law (b) shall extend, to all matters between persons, or between government or authority and to any persons in Nigeria, and to all actions and proceedings relating thereto, for the determination of any question as to the civil rights and obligations of that person; (c) shall not except as otherwise provided by this Constitution, extend to any issue or question as to whether any act of omission by any authority or person or as to whether any law or any judicial decision is in conformity with the Fundamental Objectives and Directive Principles of State Policy set out in Chapter II of this Constitution; (d) shall not, as from the date when this section comes into force, extend to any action or proceedings relating to any existing law made on or after 15th January, 1966 for determining any issue or question as to the competence of any authority or person to make any such law.